- Plastic waste in oceans is causing $13 billion of damage to marine ecosystems each year, new reports say
- Microplastics smaller than 5 millimeters, which are common in consumer goods, are especially dangerous
- The solution to the problem is increasing recycling and decreasing unneeded use of plastics
But experts say that the solution to the problem isn't in the ocean -- it's on land.
The United Nations Environment Programme, as well as the NGOs Global Ocean Commission and Plastic Disclosure Project, released reports on Monday ringing the alarm bell about the environmental impact of debris on marine life.
Plastic waste in oceans
is causing $13 billion of damage each year, according to the UNEP
report, and that figure could be much higher. Worldwide plastic
production is projected to reach 33 billion tons by 2050, and plastic
makes up 80% of litter on oceans and shorelines.
"Plastics undoubtedly
play a crucial role in modern life, but the environmental impacts of the
way we use them cannot be ignored," said UNEP Executive Director Achim
Steiner in a press release.
Ten to 20 million tons of
plastic end up in the ocean each year, from litter, runoff from poorly
managed landfills, and other sources. Once it's in the water, plastic
does not degrade but instead breaks into smaller pieces and swirls in
massive ocean gyres, creating soupy surfaces peppered with the material.
Scientists are especially
worried about the growing prevalence of tiny microplastics which are
smaller than 5 millimeters. These include microbeads, which are used in
toothpaste, gels, facial cleansers and other consumer goods.
Microplastics aren't filtered by sewage treatment plants, and can be
ingested by marine animals with deadly effect.
Ocean debris isn't just
an environmental issue -- it also complicated the search for Malaysia
Airlines flight 370 earlier this year, as floating debris confused satellite images.
What can be done?
It's expensive and
ineffective to clean up existing marine debris. Picking trash off
beaches or sweeping it from the ocean surface "does nothing to fix the
problem at the source," said Doug Woodring, the co-founder of Ocean Recovery Alliance, the NGO behind the Plastic Disclosure Project.
"It's not just an ocean
problem, it's a business and a municipal issue," Woodring said. "The
ocean is just downstream of our activities. The real solution is
upstream at the producer and user end."
Governments can help
solve the problem by regulating the use of plastics and creating
infrastructure to recycle them. For example, dozens of nations have
banned plastic bags at supermarkets or restricted their use.
That's a "good start,"
said Ada Kong, a campaigner at Greenpeace. But they can go further, she
said. "Governments should enforce laws to regulate the cosmetic
manufactures to label the ingredients (of consumer goods), including all
the microplastics."
The general public can
also be conscious about their plastic footprint by simply purchasing
goods without a lot of excess plastic packaging. People should also
separate their plastic from other waste and recycle it, Woodring said.
From waste to resource
Companies that produce
plastic goods have perhaps the biggest opportunity to make a difference,
Woodring said. They can engage their customers with rebate or deposit
programs, giving them incentives to bring back plastic for recycling.
"Everything from bottles
to food packaging can be made from recycled plastic," Woodring said.
"The technology is there today to reuse it."
(Plastic is) a valuable material, pound-for-pound worth more than steel, and we're just not capitalizing on it today.
Doug Woodring, the co-founder of Ocean Recovery Alliance
His organization is hosting a "Plasticity Forum" in New York City on Tuesday featuring presentations about how to creatively reuse plastic.
Plastic isn't just waste
-- it's "a valuable material, pound-for-pound worth more than steel,
and we're just not capitalizing on it today," Woodring said.
The new reports come on the eve of the first-ever United Nations Environment Assembly
in Nairobi, a forum for environmental ministers, scientists, and others
to discuss strategies to combat climate change and other environmental
problems. An ocean conference hosted by U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in Washington, D.C. last week also focused on marine pollution.
Perhaps the greatest
sign of the problem is the rapidly-growing Great Pacific Trash Patch, a
massive sheet of plastic and other debris that circles in a gyre across
the ocean.
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